History of PTSD in the DSM

Evolution / History of PTSD in the DSM: Awareness, Research and Resources

“The DSM definition of PTSD is quite straightforward: A person is exposed to a horrendous event “that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others,” causing “intense fear, helplessness, or horror,” which results in a variety of manifestations: intrusive reexperiencing of the event (flashbacks, bad dreams, feeling as if the event were occurring), persistent and crippling avoidance (of people, places, thoughts, or feelings associated with the trauma, sometimes with amnesia for important parts of it), and increased arousal (insomnia, hypervigilance, or irritability). This description suggests a clear story line: A person is suddenly and unexpectedly devastated by an atrocious event and is never the same again. The trauma may be over, but it keeps being replayed in continually recycling memories and in a reorganized nervous system.” ― Bessel van der Kolk

History: From Shell Shock to PTSD

History of PTSD in the DSM Research

Evolution of PTSD in the DSM

"The concept of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has evolved significantly over time. Here’s a brief overview of its history:

1. Early Recognition: Symptoms resembling PTSD have been noted throughout history. Ancient texts, including works by Hippocrates, describe symptoms similar to what we now recognize as PTSD 1.
   
   
2. World Wars: During World War I, the term “shell shock” was used to describe soldiers experiencing symptoms like fatigue, tremors, and nightmares. This term evolved into “combat stress reaction” during World War II 1.
   
   
3. Vietnam War: The term PTSD emerged during the Vietnam War, as researchers studied the psychological effects of combat on soldiers. This period saw the term “post-Vietnam syndrome” being used 1.
   
   
4. DSM Inclusion: In 1980, PTSD was officially added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). This inclusion marked a significant shift, recognizing that PTSD was caused by external traumatic events rather than inherent individual weaknesses 2 3.
   
   
5. Modern Understanding: Today, PTSD is understood to affect not only war veterans but also survivors of various traumas, including natural disasters, accidents, and personal assaults. The criteria for diagnosing PTSD have been refined over successive editions of the DSM 4 5.
   
   
6. Treatment Evolution: Treatment approaches have also evolved, from early misconceptions and controversial methods to modern therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and medication 6.

The understanding and treatment of PTSD continue to advance, with ongoing research aimed at improving outcomes for those affected by this condition.


PTSD inclusion in the DSM

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since the DSM-III, which was published in 1980. Over the years, the criteria for diagnosing PTSD have evolved, reflecting advances in understanding and research.

DSM-III (1980)

• Introduction: PTSD was first officially recognized and included as a distinct diagnosis.
• Criteria: Focused on the traumatic event and the individual’s response, which had to involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror.

DSM-IV (1994)

• Refinement: Expanded the criteria to include a broader range of symptoms and stressors.
• Symptom Clusters: Introduced three symptom clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal.

DSM-5 (2013)

• New Category: PTSD was moved to a new category called Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders.
• Expanded Criteria: The criteria were expanded to include four symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity1.
• Additional Features: Included criteria for children under six years old and added a dissociative subtype.

DSM-5-TR (2022)

• Updates:The DSM-5-TR (Text Revision) included updates to reflect scientific advances since the DSM-5’s release but did not change the diagnostic criteria for PTSD 1 2.

Key Criteria in DSM-5-TR

1. Exposure to Trauma: Directly experiencing, witnessing, learning about, or repeated exposure to traumatic events.
2. Intrusion Symptoms: Unwanted memories, nightmares, flashbacks, and severe distress or physical reactions to reminders of the trauma.
3. Avoidance: Efforts to avoid trauma-related thoughts, feelings, or external reminders.
4. Negative Alterations in Cognition and Mood: Inability to recall aspects of the trauma, negative beliefs, distorted blame, persistent negative emotions, diminished interest in activities, and feelings of detachment.
5. Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity: Irritability, reckless behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, concentration issues, and sleep disturbances.
6. Duration: Symptoms must persist for more than one month.
7. Functional Impairment: Symptoms cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning 1 2. (Source: Microsoft Copilot

175 Years of Progress in PTSD Therapeutics: Learning From the Past Psychiatry Online

Evolving DSM Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD: Relevance for Assessment and Treatment Springer Link

From Shell Shock and War Neurosis to Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD): A History of Psychotraumatology NIH

From Shell Shock to PTSD: Proof of War’s Traumatic History The Conversation

From Shell Shock to PTSD, a Century of Invisible War Trauma PBS News

From Shell Shock to PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Historical Perspective on Responses to Combat Trauma American Psychological Association

History of PTSD and Trauma Diagnoses Trauma Dissociation

History of PTSD in Veterans: Civil War to DSM-5 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

How Veterans Created PTSD JSTOR

PTSD History and Overview U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Diagnostic Entity – Clinical Perspectives Taylor and Francis Online

Redefining Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for DSM-5 ScienceDirect

Shell Shock and PTSD: A Tale of Two Diagnoses Mary C. Vance, MD, MSc; Joel D. Howell, MD, PhD PDF Download

The History of Forgetting, From Shell Shock to PTSD Listen ABC

The PTSD Criterion A debate: A brief history, current status, and recommendations for moving forward Wiley Online Library

The PTSD History Timeline Banyan Treatment Center

The Organization of DSM-5-TR™ Updated Edition Mental Health and Motivation

Trauma Redefined in the DSM-5: Rationale and Implications for Counseling Practice The Professional Counselor

The Historical Evolution of PTSD Diagnostic Criteria Springer Link

Understanding the History of PTSD Verywell Health

What’s Shell Shock & Is There a Difference Between It and PTSD? Moment of Clarity

The Evolution Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Video

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Relationship Red Flag Resources

Relationship Red Flag Behaviour, Warning Signs and Research

“If something on the inside is telling you that someone isn’t right for you, they’re NOT right for you, no matter how great they might look on paper. When it’s right for you, you will know. And when it’s not – it’s time to go.” ― Mandy Hale

How to Identify Behavioural Red Flags

Red Flags in Relationships

What are (silent) Red Flags?

Relationship Red Flags

"In relationships, red flags are warning signs or behaviors that indicate potential issues or problems. It's important to be aware of these red flags to help identify and address potential concerns early on. Here are some common relationship red flags to watch out for:

1. Lack of communication: Communication is a fundamental aspect of a healthy relationship. If there is a consistent lack of open and honest communication, difficulty expressing emotions or needs, or avoidance of important discussions, it can be a red flag for potential problems in the relationship.

2. Controlling or manipulative behavior: Control or manipulation can manifest in various ways, such as excessive jealousy, possessiveness, monitoring or restricting your activities, isolating you from friends and family, or making decisions for you without your input. These behaviors are signs of an unhealthy power dynamic and lack of respect for personal boundaries.

3. Disrespectful or demeaning behavior: Any form of disrespect, including insults, belittling remarks, name-calling, or dismissive attitudes, is a major red flag. Respect is crucial for a healthy and fulfilling relationship, and consistently disrespectful behavior is a sign of potential emotional or verbal abuse.

4. Lack of trust: Trust is the foundation of a strong relationship. If there is a constant lack of trust, unfounded accusations, secrecy, or a history of dishonesty, it can significantly impact the relationship's well-being. Trust issues can erode the connection and lead to ongoing conflicts and insecurity.

5. Emotional or physical abuse: Any form of abuse, whether emotional, verbal, or physical, should never be tolerated in a relationship. If you experience intimidation, threats, physical harm, or coercive control, it is essential to prioritize your safety and seek help from friends, family, or professionals.

6. Unbalanced or unequal relationship: Relationships should ideally be built on mutual respect, support, and equality. If one partner consistently dominates decision-making, disregards the other's opinions or needs, or if there is an imbalance of power or contributions, it can indicate an unhealthy dynamic.

7. Lack of support or empathy: Healthy relationships involve emotional support and empathy for one another. If your partner consistently dismisses or invalidates your feelings, lacks empathy, or fails to provide support during challenging times, it can be a sign of an unsupportive or emotionally disconnected relationship.

8. Constant conflict or unresolved issues: While disagreements are a normal part of any relationship, constant conflict, or the inability to resolve issues effectively, may indicate deeper underlying problems. If conflicts escalate into recurring patterns of hostility, disrespect, or emotional withdrawal, it's crucial to address them for the health of the relationship.

9. Isolation from friends and family: If your partner discourages or actively prevents you from spending time with loved ones, it can be a sign of controlling behavior. Healthy relationships should encourage maintaining connections with friends and family, fostering a sense of independence and support.

It's important to note that the presence of one or two red flags doesn't necessarily mean the relationship is doomed. However, multiple or persistent red flags should be taken seriously, and it may be necessary to seek support from trusted individuals or professionals to assess the situation and make informed decisions about the relationship's future." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

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Ignoring Red Flags : Destructive Patterns to Avoid Article

Intimate Partner Violence: Facilitating the Recognition of Yellow Flags as Early Indicators of Red Flags PDF Document Download

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Red Flags of a Narcissist / Abuse Article

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Red Flags To Look For In An Abusive Personality PDF Document Download 

Red Flags Therapists Say Not To Ignore In Relationships Article

Red Flags to Look Out for in a Relationship Article

Relationship Expert reveals Red Flags not to be Ignored when Dating Article

Relational Red Flags: Detecting Undesirable Qualities in Initial Romantic Encounters
PDF Download

Relationship Red Flags and Why We Ignore Them Article

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Social Media and Relationships: Red Flags to Look Out For Article

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Signs (Red Flags) of an Unhealthy Relationship Article

Signs (Red Flags) You Need to Take a Step Back in Your Relationship Article

Signs (Red Flags) Your Partner is Emotionally Unavailable Article

The Red Flags of an Abuser Article

The Red Flags to Watch out for Before You Get Married Article

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Understanding The Red Flags in a Relationship Gadjah Mada University

Relationship Red Flag Behaviour List Relationship Red Flags Ignored for Months

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What is Ghosting? PsychologyWriting

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All Relationship Resources

Leaving a Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Relationship

Leaving a BPD Relationship: Awareness, Research and Resources

“Although the borderline may not be consciously aware of this dilemma, he frequently places a friend or relation in a no-win situation in which the other person is condemned no matter which way he goes.” ― Jerold J. Kreisman

“People with Personality Disorders struggle to maintain distance as well as intimacy within relationships. They push people away if the relationship might show their vulnerability and then become fearful of loss and try to pull the other person back toward them. It is all about controlling distance from the other person.” ― Dian Grier

Leaving a BPD Relationship Research

Leaving a BPD Relationship

Leaving a relationship with someone who has Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) can be incredibly complex and emotionally draining. These relationships often involve intense emotional highs and lows, making the decision to end them difficult. Here are some steps and insights that might help guide you through the process:

1. Understand the Emotional Rollercoaster

• People with BPD tend to have intense emotional fluctuations, often moving from idealization to devaluation of their partner. This can create a cycle where you feel deeply connected and then suddenly pushed away.
• Recognize that these cycles can make you doubt your decision to leave, as the highs can be euphoric and the lows deeply painful.
  
  

2. Set Clear Boundaries

• Boundaries are crucial, especially if you’re leaving. Make sure you’re clear about your intentions, and try to avoid getting drawn into emotional arguments.
• If the person with BPD threatens self-harm or other drastic behaviors, it can feel like you’re responsible for their well-being. While this is painful, it's essential to remember that you're not responsible for their actions.
  
  

3. Get Support

• Ending a relationship with someone who has BPD can trigger a lot of emotional responses, including guilt, fear, and confusion. Having a solid support system—friends, family, or a therapist—can provide guidance and emotional reassurance.
• Professional help can also be crucial if you feel that the situation may escalate into a crisis.
  
  

4. Prepare for Emotional Reactions

• People with BPD often fear abandonment, so your decision to leave may trigger intense emotional reactions, from pleading to anger to manipulation. It’s vital to stay grounded and not get swayed by these reactions.
• Detach with compassion—be firm but kind in your approach. Acknowledge their pain without engaging in extended emotional battles.
  
  

5. Look After Your Mental Health

• It’s easy to become emotionally drained in such relationships. Be sure to prioritize your mental and emotional well-being throughout the process of leaving.
• Practice self-care, seek therapy if needed, and remind yourself of your reasons for leaving the relationship.
  
  

6. Cut Off Contact, If Necessary

• In some cases, maintaining contact after leaving can prolong the pain and keep the emotional dynamics of the relationship alive. Consider cutting off contact if necessary to fully heal and move on.
• If the relationship was especially toxic or abusive, going “no contact” may be the healthiest choice for both of you.
  
  

7. Plan for Safety, If Needed

• In extreme cases, people with BPD may react unpredictably when faced with the end of a relationship. If you fear for your safety or theirs, make sure to have a plan in place. This may include involving friends, family, or professionals.
  
  

8. Avoid Being Drawn Back In

• After the breakup, you may experience attempts at reconciliation, emotional pleas, or accusations. It can be tempting to return, especially if you're emotionally invested in helping them heal. However, staying firm in your decision is crucial for your long-term well-being." (Source: ChatGPT 2024)

"Leaving a Borderline Personality Relationship

Leaving a relationship with someone who has Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) can be incredibly challenging and emotionally taxing. 

Here are some key points to consider:

• Understand the Dynamics: Relationships with someone who has BPD can be intense and unpredictable. They may experience extreme mood swings, fear of abandonment, and impulsive behaviors 1 2.
  
  
• Emotional Preparation: Be prepared for a range of emotions, both from yourself and your partner. People with BPD may react strongly to the end of a relationship, experiencing feelings of abandonment, anger, or deep sadness 3.
  
  
• Set Boundaries: It’s important to set clear boundaries to protect your emotional well-being. This might include limiting contact or seeking support from friends, family, or a therapist 4.
  
  
• Seek Professional Help: Consider seeking therapy or counseling to help navigate your feelings and any guilt, sadness, or anger you may be experiencing. A professional can provide strategies to cope with the emotional aftermath 4.
  
  
• Self-Care: Take time to heal and focus on self-care. Engage in activities that bring you joy and help you relax. This is crucial for your emotional recovery 4.

Remember, it’s okay to prioritize your own well-being. If you need more specific advice or support, don’t hesitate to reach out to a mental health professional." (Source: Microsoft Copilot)

All About the Relationship Cycle in Borderline Personality Disorder Psych Central

Borderline Personality: Why People Find It Almost Impossible to Leave Susan Quinn

Borderline Personality Disorder & Relationships Choose Therapy

Borderline Personality And Abuse Cycle Mental Health Center America

Breaking Up With Your Loved One With BPD Psychology Today

Dating Someone with BPD: What to Expect Talkspace

Ending your Relationship with a Borderline Personality Disorder Patient Nation Africa

Facing the Facts Leaving a Partner with Borderline Personality Disorder: Borderline Personality Disorder for Beginners  Joe Carver PhD PDF Download BPDFamily

Do You Have Trauma From Dating Someone With BPD? Overcomers Counseling

Dealing with Trauma from Dating Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Compassion Behavioral Health

Exiting a BPD Relationship BPDFamily

How Do I Leave A BPD? Friendly House

How does BPD Splitting Destroy Relationships? Mental Health Center of America

How to Detach From Someone With Borderline Personality Disorder Marriage

How to End a Relationship When Your Partner Has BPD Patch

How to Say No to Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder Medical News Today

How BPD Affects Romantic Relationships Verywell Mind

Recovering from a Breakup with Borderline Personality Disorder THIRA Health

Saying No to Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder MentalHealth

Surviving a Break-up when Your Partner has Borderline Personality BDPFamily

The BPD Relationship Cycle Nobu

The Breakup Cycle in Borderline Personality Disorder: Understanding and Navigating Grouport

The Health Consequences of Untreated Borderline Personality Disorder Everyday Health

Understanding Chronic Feelings of Emptiness in BPD: A Qualitative Study BMC

Understanding a Mutually Destructive Relationship Between Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder and Their Favorite Person NIH

What to Know When Your BPD Partner Ends the Relationship Choosing Therapy

What You Need to Know About Borderline Personality Disorder and Relationships Healthline

When to Leave Someone with BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) FHE Health

Leaving A Borderline Partner, Manipulation, Hoovering, Blame - Video

🎓 Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources

Mental Health Crisis and Emergency Resources

Mental Health Crisis and Emergency Awareness, Information and Guidance

“It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light.” — Aristotle

“If you’re going through hell, keep going.” — Winston Churchill

Mental Health Crisis Resources 

Mental Health Emergencies

Mental Health Crisis and Emergencies

"It’s crucial to seek help immediately. Here are some resources and steps you can take:

• Emergency Services: If someone’s life is at risk or you feel you cannot keep yourself or someone else safe, call 999 or go to the nearest A&E (Accident & Emergency) department.

• Mental Health Helplines: Samaritans: Call 116 123 for confidential support available 24/7.
  
  
• Shout Crisis Text Line: Text SHOUT to 85258 for support via text message.
  
  
• Childline: For those under 19, call 0800 1111.

• NHS 111: For urgent mental health support, you can call 111 and select the mental health option to speak with a trained professional.

• Crisis Teams: Local crisis resolution and home treatment teams (CRHTs) can provide immediate support and help manage mental health crises at home.

• Mental Health Charities:
   
• Mind: Offers information on coping during a crisis and planning for future crises.
  
  
• Mental Health Foundation: Provides practical tools and resources for crisis care.

Remember, reaching out for help is a crucial step, and there are many resources available to support you through difficult times." (Source: Microsoft Copilot)

Behavioral Emergencies Psych Guides

Behavioral Health Crisis Intervention Multnomah County

Creating a Mental Health Crisis Plan Psych Central

Children’s Mental Health is in Crisis American Psychological Association

Coping with Mental Health Crises and Emergencies Here To Help

Core Elements to Responding to Mental Health Crises US Department of Health and Human Services PDF Document Download

Definition of Emergency specific to Mental Health Public Health

Disaster Mental / Behavioral Health and Emergency Preparedness Department of Health

Disaster Mental Health Planning and Response Resources Office of Mental Health New York

Emergency Mental Health and Psychiatry University of Michigan Health

Getting Help in a Mental Health Crisis Mind

How to Help in an Emotional Crisis American Psychological Association

How to Spot the Signs of a Mental Health Crisis in Someone You Love WebMD

Recognising a Mental Health Crisis New Vista

Mental health Crisis Lines Washington State Health Authority

Mental Health Emergencies TUFTS

Mental Health in Emergencies Fact Sheet World Health Organization WHO

Mental Health Resources During an Emergency (Buffalo Tragedy) View PDF New York State

Mental Health Resources for People in Crisis PSYCOM

National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care Best Practice Toolkit
PDF Download SAMHSA

Navigating a Mental Health Crisis A NAMI PDF Download Resource Guide  

Procedures in the Event of Mental Health Emergency or Crisis Everett Community College

Support for adults experiencing a mental health crisis or urgent care need NHS

Urgent Treatment for Mental Illness Better Health Channel

What Is a Mental Health Crisis: Signs, Causes, and How to Get Help Psych Central

What is a Psychiatric Emergency? American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

What to Do in a Mental Health Crisis NHS

What Does a Mental Health Crisis Look Like? KVC Health Systems

What to Do In a Mental Health Crisis National Alliance on Mental Health NAMI

When Behavioral Health Emergencies Arise, Who Responds Can Affect Outcomes PEW

When Is Mental Health a Crisis? Crisis Response

When is Mental Health a Medical Emergency? Life Healthcare

Where to get Urgent Help for Mental Health NHS

🎓 Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources

The No-Contact Rule After a Relationship Breakup

Going No-Contact After a Relationship Breakup: Awareness / Resources

“Letting go has never been easy, but holding on can be as difficult. Yet strength is measured not by holding on, but by letting go.” – Len Santos

Benefits of No Contact

What is the No-Contact Rule?

Going No Contact : After a Relationship Breakup 

Going No Contact : Fast-Tracking Detachment

No-Contact Rule After a Relationship Breakup

The no-contact rule is a strategy that individuals often employ after a relationship breakup. It involves cutting off all communication and contact with an ex-partner for a specific period, typically ranging from a few weeks to several months. The purpose of implementing the no-contact rule is to create space and facilitate emotional healing and personal growth. Here are some key points to understand about the no-contact rule:

1. Emotional healing: Breaking up can be emotionally challenging, and the no-contact rule aims to provide time and space for individuals to heal and process their emotions without the constant reminders and interactions with their ex-partner.

2. Clarity and perspective: Implementing the no-contact rule allows individuals to gain clarity and perspective on the relationship and the reasons for the breakup. It helps in reducing the emotional intensity and provides an opportunity to assess the relationship more objectively.

3. Breaking patterns: By initiating the no-contact rule, individuals can break patterns of dependency, neediness, or unhealthy dynamics that might have existed in the relationship. It encourages individuals to focus on their own well-being and establish a sense of independence.

4. Self-reflection and personal growth: The no-contact period provides an opportunity for self-reflection and personal growth. It allows individuals to rediscover themselves, explore their own interests and goals, and focus on self-improvement without the distractions of the past relationship.

5. Establishing boundaries: Implementing the no-contact rule helps in setting clear boundaries with the ex-partner. It communicates the need for space and respect for each other's emotional well-being.

6. Prevention of further hurt: Continuing contact immediately after a breakup can often prolong the pain and hurt. The no-contact rule helps in minimizing the chances of reopening emotional wounds and allows individuals to move forward with their lives.

It's important to note that the duration of the no-contact period may vary from person to person and depends on the specific circumstances of the breakup. Additionally, there may be situations where some level of contact is necessary, such as if there are shared responsibilities or children involved. In such cases, it's advisable to establish clear boundaries and limit communication to what is essential.

While the no-contact rule can be beneficial for many individuals after a breakup, it's not a one-size-fits-all solution. It's important to consider one's own emotional needs and consult with trusted friends, family, or professionals to determine the best course of action for moving forward after a breakup. (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

"The No-Contact Rule is a strategy often recommended by relationship experts to help individuals heal after a breakup. It involves cutting off all forms of communication with your ex-partner, including phone calls, texts, social media interactions, and in-person meetings 1 2.

Benefits of the No-Contact Rule

• Emotional Healing: By avoiding contact, you give yourself the space to process your emotions and begin to heal from the breakup 1.
  
  
• Clarity and Perspective: It allows you to gain a clearer perspective on the relationship and the reasons for the breakup 2.
  
  
• Prevents Relapse: It helps prevent the temptation to get back together, which can often lead to more confusion and prolonged emotional pain 2.
  
  
• Personal Growth: This period can be used for self-reflection and personal growth, helping you rediscover your identity outside of the relationship 2.

Implementing the No-Contact Rule

• Set Clear Boundaries: Inform your ex-partner that you need time and space to heal and that you won’t be in contact for a while.
  
  
• Avoid Triggers: Stay away from places, activities, or mutual friends that might remind you of your ex.
  
  
• Focus on Yourself: Engage in activities that you enjoy and that help you grow as an individual.

While it can be challenging, many find that the No-Contact Rule is a crucial step in moving on and finding happiness again." (Source: Microsoft Copilot)

Does No Contact Work? Signs The No Contact Rule Is Working Article

How to Master the 'No-Contact Rule' — the Ultimate Breakup Tool Article

Is The So-Called ’30 Day No Contact Rule’ Really Enough Time? My Ex Back Coach

Powerful Benefits of the No-Contact Rule After a Breakup Article

The No-Contact Rule Explained Article

The No Contact Rule Explained [And How Well It Works To Get An Ex Back] EBP

The No-Contact Rule (The Definitive Guide) Article

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When I Go No Contact, It’s Final Article

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🎓 Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources

Understanding Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Awareness, Research and Resources

“In transformative teaching, understanding motivation theories such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is essential for fostering students' internal drive and interest in learning.” ― Asuni LadyZeal

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Research

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Relevance Today

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

"Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are concepts that explain why people engage in particular activities and behaviors. Here's a more detailed look at each:

Intrinsic Motivation

Definition:

Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence. The motivation comes from within the individual.

Characteristics:

1. Personal Satisfaction: Individuals find the activity itself rewarding. They engage in it because it brings joy, fulfillment, or personal satisfaction.

2. Self-Determination: People feel a sense of autonomy and control over their actions. They are motivated by personal goals and desires.

3. Interest and Enjoyment: Activities are pursued because they are interesting, enjoyable, or align with personal values and interests.

4. Curiosity and Challenge: Individuals are often motivated by curiosity, the desire to learn, and the challenge of mastering something new.

Examples:

• Reading a book for pleasure and not for a school assignment.
• Playing chess because you love the strategy and mental challenge.
• Painting or drawing because it provides a sense of creative fulfillment.
• Learning a new language out of interest in the culture.

Extrinsic Motivation

Definition:

Extrinsic motivation involves engaging in an activity to earn rewards or avoid punishment. The motivation is driven by external factors rather than internal satisfaction.

Characteristics:

1. External Rewards: Motivation comes from tangible rewards such as money, trophies, grades, or recognition.

2. Avoidance of Negative Outcomes: Sometimes, extrinsic motivation is about avoiding negative consequences, such as failure, punishment, or criticism.

3. Obligations and Duties: People may engage in tasks because they feel obligated or pressured by external forces like family, work, or society.

4. External Validation: Seeking approval, praise, or recognition from others can also drive extrinsic motivation.

Examples:

• Working a job primarily for the paycheck rather than for personal fulfillment.
• Studying hard to get good grades and avoid disappointing parents or teachers.
• Exercising to receive compliments on one's appearance rather than for health benefits.
• Completing chores to earn an allowance or to avoid being grounded.

Comparing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

Aspect	Intrinsic Motivation	Extrinsic Motivation
Source of Motivation	Internal (personal satisfaction, interest)	External (rewards, punishments, obligations)
Sustainability	Often more sustainable and long-lasting	May require continuous external reinforcement
Impact on Enjoyment	Increases enjoyment and engagement	May reduce enjoyment if overly relied upon
Focus	Process-oriented (focus on the journey)	Outcome-oriented (focus on the end result)
Example Activities	Hobbies, personal projects, self-directed learning	Work tasks, school assignments, competitive sports

Interaction Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation

While intrinsic motivation is often seen as more desirable, extrinsic motivation can also be effective, especially in certain contexts. Here are some ways they interact:

• Overjustification Effect: This phenomenon occurs when extrinsic rewards are introduced to activities that are already intrinsically motivating, potentially diminishing intrinsic interest. For example, if a child enjoys drawing and then starts receiving rewards for it, they might begin to draw only for the reward rather than enjoyment.

• Complementary Relationship: Extrinsic rewards can sometimes enhance intrinsic motivation by providing recognition and validation. For example, a musician might be intrinsically motivated to create music but also appreciates awards and audience applause as additional motivators.

• Transition from Extrinsic to Intrinsic: In some cases, extrinsic motivation can lead to intrinsic motivation over time. For example, someone might start learning a skill for external rewards but eventually find personal satisfaction and interest in the activity.

Strategies to Enhance Motivation

1. For Intrinsic Motivation:

   • Find Meaning: Connect activities to personal values and interests.
   • Set Personal Goals: Create challenges that are fulfilling and align with personal desires.
   • Encourage Autonomy: Allow freedom and choice in how tasks are approached.

2. For Extrinsic Motivation:

   • Provide Clear Rewards: Ensure that external rewards are meaningful and attainable.
   • Use Praise Wisely: Offer genuine praise that reinforces positive behavior without overshadowing intrinsic motivation.
   • Create Accountability: Set up systems that provide structure and accountability, like deadlines or feedback

Understanding the balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can help individuals and organizations foster a more motivated and engaged environment. By recognizing what drives behavior, one can tailor approaches to enhance motivation effectively, leading to better performance, satisfaction, and personal growth." (Source: ChatGPT 2024)

Extrinsic Rewards and Motivation Association for Applied Sport Psychology

Intrinsic Motivation: How to Pick Up Healthy Motivation Techniques Healthline

Intrinsic Motivation Explained: 10 Examples & Key Factors Positive Psychology

Intrinsic motivation: The missing piece in changing employee behavior IMD

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation: Key Differences Explore Psychology

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Motivation at Work Psychology Today

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Humaans

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Implications in School, Work, and Psychological Well-Being Excelsior University

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions University of Rochester PDF Download

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors as Motivation Roles in Scientific Research Activities of Professors at Several Vietnamese Universities Sage Journals

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Differences & How to Use Each Evan Tarver

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Main Differences and How to Find a Balance ShikSha

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions ScienceDirect

Intrinsic Motivation vs. Extrinsic Motivation: What's the Difference? Verywell Mind

Metamotivational Beliefs about Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation APA PsycNet

Motivational Synergy: Toward new Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace ScienceDirect

On what Motivates Us: A Detailed Review of Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation NIH

The Effects of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation on Students Learning Effectiveness. Exploring the Moderating Role of Gender Emerald Insight

The Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators on Employee Engagement in Information Organizations Rajesh Singh Division of Library and Information Science, St. John’s University, New York PDF Download

The Impact of Money as Motivator Mental Health and Motivation

The Influence of Intrinsic Motivation and Synergistic Extrinsic Motivators on Creativity and Innovation Frontiers in Psychology

Understanding Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Your Students University of Dayton

What is Intrinsic Motivation and how does it work? Asana

What are Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation? - Video

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Mental Health and Motivation Website in Top 100 Index

 Mental Health and Motivation Website in Top 100 Mental Health Global Index

The Mental Health and Motivation website is currently in its best position. The website was launch in 2021 and gradually made its way into the Top 100 Mental Health Global Index during 2023. The RSS / Subscription Feed is currently 7th globally - and the website 'competes' and add value to a variety of Tier 1 International websites with regard to Research and Resources (in well over a 150 psychiatric, psychology and neuroscience categories).

An abundance of personal motivation, research and references went into building this platform together with the support of many local (personal / professional) and international Mental Health institutional stakeholders. I'm deeply touched by / and grateful for their unwavering support.

Top position is still NAMI - National Alliance for Mental Health (USA). I'm grateful for each and every visitor that stops by to read and learn - from Mental Health academics, institutions, professionals, the military and / or troubled individuals (and family members). Also for the 1000s of international Mental Health students searching for postgraduate research funding via South African Bursaries and International Scholarships which I list for their benefit.

The Vernon Chalmers' Mental Health And Motivation website is gaining continuous traction in the international 'Best Mental Health Blogs / Websites to Follow on the Planet in 2024'.

Global Mental Health Ranking Improvement:
Since August 2021 the 'Mental Health and Motivation' website has evolved into an international research / resource sharing platform for assisting academia, mental health service providers and interested individuals across the world - currently assisting visitors from more than 131 Countries / 50 US States - with various (academic / personal / family / community / employment-related) Mental Health and Motivation research and resources.

More than 35 international mental health care institutions / providers are actively promoting related mental health care services and / or content on the website.

From Feedspot: "The best Mental Health blog / website RSS feed list curated from thousands of RSS feeds on the web and ranked by traffic, social media followers, domain authority & freshness."

From the Owner of Feedspot
" I'm the Founder of Feedspot. I would like to personally congratulate you as your blog Mental Health and Motivation has been selected by our panelist as one of the Top 100 Mental Health Blogs on the web.

I personally give you a high-five and want to thank you for your contribution to this world. This is the most comprehensive list of Top 100 Mental Health Blogs on the internet and I'm honored to have you as part of this!" - Anuj Agarwal

Source: Feedspot 100 Best Mental Health Blogs

Image Source: Mental health and Motivation Blog / Website Listing on Feedspot Photography Blogs

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Why Do People With BPD Self-Harm?

Borderline Personality Disorder Self-Harm: Awareness, Research and Resources 

“You might imagine that a person would resort to self-mutilation only under extremes of duress, but once I'd crossed that line the first time, taken that fateful step off the precipice, then almost any reason was a good enough reason, almost any provocation was provocation enough. Cutting was my all-purpose solution.” ― Caroline Kettlewell

“She craves the brutality of the attack because when it comes it will be a release.”― Ivy Pochoda

Borderline Personality Disorder Self-Harm Research

Why Do People With Borderline Personality Disorder Self-Harm?

"Self-harm in people with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is often a coping mechanism to deal with intense emotional pain, overwhelming feelings, or a sense of numbness. Here are some key reasons why self-harm might occur in individuals with BPD:

1. Emotional Regulation

• People with BPD often experience intense emotions, such as anger, sadness, or anxiety. Self-harm may provide temporary relief from these overwhelming emotions by diverting attention from the emotional pain to physical pain.

2. Coping with Emotional Numbness

• Some individuals with BPD experience periods of emotional numbness or dissociation, where they feel disconnected from themselves or their surroundings. Self-harm can be a way to "feel something" and reconnect with their body and emotions.

3. Self-Punishment

• Due to feelings of guilt, shame, or self-loathing, people with BPD may engage in self-harm as a form of self-punishment. These individuals often have an internalized sense of worthlessness, and self-harm might serve as an expression of that.

4. Expression of Internal Pain

• For those who struggle to verbalize or express their emotions, self-harm can be a way to physically manifest their inner turmoil. It becomes a visible sign of their emotional distress.

5. Control

• Self-harm might give individuals a sense of control in situations where they feel powerless. By inflicting physical harm, they may feel they are taking control over their emotional pain or external circumstances.

6. Relief from Dissociation or Unreality

• People with BPD sometimes experience dissociative episodes or feelings of unreality (depersonalization or derealization). Self-harm can be a way to "ground" themselves and return to a sense of reality.

7. Attention or Communication

• In some cases, self-harm may be a cry for help or a way to signal distress when words feel insufficient. However, this doesn't mean it's manipulative; rather, it’s often a desperate attempt to communicate pain.

8. Endorphin Release

• Physical injury can cause the release of endorphins, the body's natural painkillers, which can create a brief feeling of relief or even euphoria. This can lead to a cycle where the person turns to self-harm to temporarily ease emotional pain.

Addressing self-harm in individuals with BPD often requires therapy, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), which helps them develop healthier coping mechanisms for regulating emotions and managing distress." (Source: ChatGPT 2024)

"People with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) may self-harm for several reasons, often related to the intense emotional and psychological challenges they face. Here are some common reasons:

• Emotional Regulation: Self-harm can be a way to manage overwhelming emotions. People with BPD often experience intense emotional swings, and self-harm can provide a temporary sense of relief or control over these emotions 1 2.

• Dissociation: Some individuals with BPD experience dissociative episodes, where they feel disconnected from their body or reality. Self-harm can help them feel more grounded and regain a sense of control over their physical presence 3.

• Expression of Internal Pain: Self-harm can be a way to externalize internal pain. It can serve as a physical manifestation of the emotional turmoil they are experiencing 4.

• Manipulation or Communication: In some cases, self-harm may be used to communicate distress or to influence the behavior of others. This is often a cry for help or a way to express needs that they feel cannot be communicated verbally 2.

• Sense of Agency: Engaging in self-harm can sometimes increase a person’s sense of personal agency, giving them a feeling of control over their body and actions 4.

Understanding these motives can help in providing appropriate support and interventions for individuals with BPD. If you or someone you know is struggling with self-harm, it’s important to seek professional help." (Source: Microsoft Copilot)

An Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Self-Harm in Adolescents: The Role of Borderline Personality Pathology PDF Download American Psychological Association

How and Why Do Those With Borderline Personality Disorder Hurt Themselves? Psych Central

Pain and Identity Destruction - Borderline Personality Disorder and Self-Harm Self Injury Support

Prediction of Self-Injury Behavior in Men with Borderline Personality Disorder Based on Their Symptoms of Borderline Personality and Alexithymia Brieflands

Psychological Interventions for Self-harm Behaviour and Suicide Attempts in Borderline
Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review PDF Download Ibn Haldun University of Istanbul

Self-Harm, Disordered Eating and Borderline Personality Disorder NHS

Self-Harm - What You Need to Know Rethink Mental Illness

Self-Harm in the Context of Borderline Personality Disorder ScienceDirect

Self-Harming Threats and Behavior in BPD Psychology Today

Self-Harming and Sense of Agency in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder Frontiers in Psychiatry

Self-Mutilation and Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD is associated with an increased risk for self-injurious behavior Verywell Mind

Self-Relevant Disgust and Self-Harm Urges in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Depression: A Pilot Study with a Newly Designed Psychological Challenge Plos One

Sub-threshold or Full-Syndrome Borderline Personality Disorder in Adolescents with recurrent Self-Harm – Distinctly or Dimensionally Different? BMC

Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior in People With BPD Psychiatric Times

The Connection Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Self-Harm Clinic Les Alpes

Trauma, Borderline Personality Disorder, and Self-Harm: A Counselling Psychology Perspective
City University of London

Understanding BPD, Self-Harm, and Cutting in Young Adults OPI Residential Treatment Center for Young Adults

Understanding Self-Harm in Borderline Personality Disorder Calda Clinic

Understanding Self-Mutilation in Borderline Personality Disorder Harvard Review of Psychiatry

Understanding Triggers and Self-Harm NEA BDP

Volitional Determinants of Self-Harm Behaviour and Suicidal Risk in Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder ScienceDirect

Self Harm & BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder)

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