1. Introduction: Defining Domestic Abuse Against Men and Establishing the Significance of the Issue on a Global Scale.
Domestic abuse, traditionally viewed through a gendered lens focusing on female victims, is increasingly recognized as a phenomenon that affects individuals of all genders. This report addresses the critical issue of domestic abuse against men, a problem that, despite its prevalence, has historically remained underrepresented in research, policy, and public consciousness. Domestic abuse in this context encompasses a pattern of controlling, coercive, or violent behavior used by a partner or ex-partner to gain or maintain power and control over a male victim.1 This behavior can manifest in various forms, including physical, emotional, psychological, financial, and sexual abuse, and its impact can be devastating for the individuals who experience it. The global nature of this issue cannot be overstated; domestic abuse against men transcends geographical boundaries, cultural norms, and socioeconomic status, making it a significant concern for public health and human rights worldwide.
Understanding the scope, forms, and impact of this abuse is crucial for developing effective strategies for prevention, intervention, and support for male victims. This report aims to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of global domestic abuse against men, exploring its prevalence, the reasons for its underreporting, the support services available, the societal and cultural factors influencing its recognition, the relevant legal frameworks, the psychological impact on victims, and existing awareness and prevention initiatives. By shedding light on this often-overlooked problem, this analysis seeks to contribute to a more inclusive and equitable understanding of domestic abuse and to advocate for greater recognition and support for male victims globally.
2. Global Prevalence and Statistics: Analyzing the Available Statistical Data on the Incidence of Domestic Abuse Against Men Across Different Countries and Regions, Acknowledging the Challenges in Data Collection and Reporting.
Statistical data from various countries indicate that domestic abuse against men is a significant issue, although the exact global prevalence remains challenging to quantify due to underreporting and methodological variations across studies. In the United Kingdom, the latest figures from the Office for National Statistics for 2023/24 reveal that approximately one in three victims of domestic abuse are male, equating to 712,000 men (3.0%) annually and 13.7% of men in their lifetime.3 Specifically regarding partner abuse, 403,000 men were victims in the same year.3 Historical data from England and Wales in 1995 showed that 4.2% of men had experienced intimate partner violence in the preceding year, with this figure rising to 14.9% over their lifetime.4 More recent data from the UK between 2021 and 2022 suggest that 32% of all reported domestic abuse incidents were committed against males.5 These figures highlight that a substantial proportion of domestic abuse victims are male in the UK.
In the United States, estimates of the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against men vary considerably across studies. Some research suggests that approximately one in three men report experiencing at least one form of IPV during their lifetimes.6 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data indicate that nearly a quarter of men in the US have experienced some form of contact sexual violence in their lifetime, and about one in ten men have experienced contact sexual violence, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner with related impact.8 A 2014 National Crime Victimization Study found that nearly a quarter (24%) of all domestic violence victims were men.6 The National Domestic Violence Hotline reports that 1 in 10 men aged 18 and older in the US experience rape, physical violence, and/or stalking.6 These varying statistics underscore the complexity of measuring this issue in the US.
Canadian data from the early 2000s indicated that 6% of men had experienced intimate partner violence between 2000 and 2005.4 In Australia, data from 2017 showed that 7.8% of men had experienced violence by an intimate partner since the age of fifteen.9 German statistics from 2018 reported 26,362 male victims of intimate partner violence, compared to 114,393 female victims.10 These figures demonstrate that while women are often the majority of reported victims, a significant number of men also experience IPV in these countries.
Obtaining accurate global statistics on domestic abuse against men is fraught with challenges, primarily due to the significant issue of underreporting and variations in how studies are conducted.4 Research on this topic is often limited, partly because societal norms and gender stereotypes can make it difficult for men to come forward as victims.11 Meta-analysis of available studies suggests a pooled prevalence of physical IPV against men of 20%, psychological IPV of 44%, and sexual IPV of 7%.12 These pooled estimates provide a broader picture, indicating that psychological violence is the most prevalent form of IPV experienced by men.
Interestingly, some research suggests a degree of "gender symmetry" or "sex symmetry" in the perpetration of intimate partner violence, implying that men and women may engage in violence at similar rates.4 For instance, a survey in Canada concluded that equal proportions of men and women reported being victims of spousal violence during the preceding 5 years.4 However, it is crucial to note that while perpetration rates might show some symmetry, women are significantly more likely to be injured and experience more severe forms of violence, including homicide, in domestic abuse situations.16 Despite some studies indicating similar or even higher rates of IPV victimization for men compared to women, men are considerably less likely to report their experiences.4 This reluctance to report is a key factor contributing to the underestimation of the problem and needs to be further explored.
The wide range in reported statistics underscores the inherent difficulties in accurately measuring the global prevalence of domestic abuse against men. This variability likely arises from differing definitions of abuse employed across studies, inconsistencies in data collection methodologies, and the significant influence of cultural contexts on both the occurrence and reporting of such violence. Furthermore, while some data suggest a degree of similarity in the perpetration of certain forms of IPV between genders, the severity and resulting impact of this violence often differ substantially, with women facing a higher risk of serious injury and fatality. The consistently lower rates of reporting by male victims across diverse countries point to significant and deeply rooted barriers to disclosure, necessitating further investigation into the societal and psychological factors that contribute to this phenomenon.
3. Forms of Abuse Experienced by Men: Detailing the Various Forms of Domestic Abuse, Including Physical, Emotional, Psychological (Including Coercive Control), and Financial Abuse, with Specific Examples and Supporting Data from Research Studies.
Men who experience domestic abuse are subjected to a range of harmful behaviors that mirror those experienced by female victims. Physical abuse against men can take many forms, from relatively minor acts to severe violence resulting in significant injury.10 Examples include being hit, slapped, kicked, punched, pushed, or attacked with weapons.10 Data from the UK indicates that 69% of men who contacted the ManKind Initiative helpline reported experiencing physical abuse.3 A survey conducted in the UK between 2012 and 2013 revealed that more men than women reported experiencing severe physical violence (34% compared to 28%).17 These statistics confirm that physical violence is a tangible reality for a significant number of male victims.
Emotional and psychological abuse are also highly prevalent forms of domestic abuse against men. This category encompasses a wide array of tactics designed to undermine a man's self-worth, control his behavior, and isolate him from support networks.2 Verbal abuse, intimidation, humiliation, and isolation are common examples.2 Coercive control, a pattern of dominating and intimidating behavior that restricts a person's freedom, is also frequently reported.3 Research consistently indicates that psychological aggression is the most common form of abuse experienced by men in intimate partner relationships.6 In the UK, 98% of men who called the ManKind Initiative helpline reported undergoing psychological abuse, and 82% experienced coercive controlling behavior.3 A study conducted in Sweden found that psychological violence was the most frequently reported form of interpersonal violence among men.5 These findings emphasize the often invisible yet deeply damaging nature of emotional and psychological abuse.
Financial or economic abuse is another significant form of control used in domestic abuse. This involves the abuser controlling the victim's finances, preventing them from accessing money, or sabotaging their employment.2 The aim is often to create financial dependency, making it harder for the victim to leave the abusive relationship. UK helpline data shows that 29% of male callers reported experiencing economic abuse.3 Research also suggests that financial hardship and unemployment can contribute to the occurrence of domestic violence.20
Beyond these primary forms, men also experience other types of abuse within domestic settings. Stalking, including cyberstalking, is a distressing reality for many male victims.3 Significant numbers of men report being stalked by current or former partners, as well as by family members, highlighting the pervasive and intrusive nature of this behavior.3
The data clearly indicates that psychological abuse is the most prevalent form of domestic abuse against men. This underscores the often unseen but profoundly damaging nature of such abuse, which can erode a victim's self-esteem and lead to significant long-term mental health problems. Furthermore, it is common for male victims to experience multiple forms of abuse concurrently. The fact that a high percentage of men contacting the ManKind Initiative helpline reported experiencing a combination of psychological, coercive, physical, and economic abuse illustrates the multifaceted and complex pattern of abuse that many male victims endure. The experience of stalking, particularly in its digital form, further emphasizes the pervasive and intrusive ways in which domestic abuse against men can manifest in contemporary society.
4. The Underreporting Phenomenon: Investigating the Multifaceted Reasons Behind the Underreporting of Domestic Abuse Against Men, Focusing on Societal Pressures, Stigma, Fear of Ridicule, and Lack of Recognition.
The underreporting of domestic abuse against men is a critical factor that obscures the true extent of the problem globally. Multiple interconnected reasons contribute to this phenomenon, with societal stigma and shame playing a significant role.2 Men who are victims of abuse often feel "unmanly" or deeply embarrassed to admit their victimization.6 This feeling is often amplified when the perpetrator is female, as societal norms can make it even more challenging for men to perceive themselves as victims in such situations.22 This internalized shame and the associated fear of judgment can prevent men from disclosing their experiences to friends, family, or authorities.
A significant barrier to reporting is the fear of not being believed by law enforcement, medical professionals, or support services.4 Male victims may anticipate ridicule or scorn, and some even fear being accused of being the abuser themselves.4 Society and the media sometimes portray male victims as a joke, further discouraging men from coming forward.6 Tragically, some men who have sought help report feeling under-acknowledged, mistreated, and even penalized for doing so, which can deter them from future attempts to seek support.6
The internalization of traditional masculine norms also plays a crucial role in the underreporting of domestic abuse against men.5 The concept of the "Man Box" illustrates the set of societal beliefs that define the traditional "ideal male" as self-sufficient, tough, and in control.6 Men who experience abuse may feel they are not aligning with these expectations and that seeking help would make them appear weak or less masculine.6 They may feel compelled to "take it like a man" or believe they should be able to physically defend themselves, rather than admitting they are being abused.6
A fundamental reason for the underreporting is the general lack of awareness that men can be victims of domestic abuse.2 Domestic abuse is often portrayed as a gendered crime perpetrated by men against women, which can make it difficult for both male victims and those around them to recognize their experiences as abuse.22 Men themselves may have been socialized to not see themselves as victims and may deny, even to themselves, that abuse could happen to a man.6
Finally, some male victims are concerned that if they attempt to report their partner's violence, they will be accused of false reporting to hide their own abuse.4 They may also be reluctant to defend themselves physically for fear that others, particularly the legal system, would mistake them as the abuser.6
The deeply ingrained societal expectations surrounding masculinity create a powerful deterrent for men experiencing domestic abuse. The fear of being perceived as weak or failing to meet these societal standards leads to significant shame and reluctance to seek help. Furthermore, the lack of recognition and potential disbelief from authorities and support services compound this issue, creating a climate where men feel isolated and unsupported. The dominant narrative of domestic abuse as a crime solely against women further contributes to the invisibility of male victims, making it difficult for them to identify with the victim role or believe that help is available to them.
5. Global Landscape of Support Services: Examining the Availability and Accessibility of Support Services and Resources for Male Victims of Domestic Abuse in Different Countries, Highlighting Existing Services and Gaps.
The global landscape of support services for male victims of domestic abuse reveals a significant disparity compared to the resources available for female victims.3 In the UK, for instance, only 4.8% of victims being supported by local domestic services are men, according to SafeLives data.3 This starkly contrasts with the fact that one in three victims of domestic abuse in the UK are male. The number of refuge spaces dedicated to male survivors is also limited; a 2021 report indicated that out of 238 refuge spaces, only 58 were committed to supporting men.22 Despite this, there are organizations like the ManKind Initiative in the UK that specifically provide a helpline and support for male victims.3 Their data shows that a significant majority of men who call their helpline have never spoken to anyone before about the abuse, and anonymity is crucial for them to reach out.3
In Ireland, AMEN is an organization that offers support to male victims of domestic abuse.27 In the United States, while there are no large-scale networks of shelters specifically for men, the National Domestic Violence Hotline can provide support and resources to all victims, regardless of gender.6 Websites like DomesticShelters.org allow users to search for shelters and programs that welcome male victims, although these may be less common than those for women.6
Despite the existence of these resources, male victims often face challenges in accessing support. Service providers may harbor biases or lack adequate training to recognize and effectively assist male victims.4 Some services, particularly those traditionally focused on female victims, may inadvertently perceive men as primary aggressors, even when they are the ones experiencing abuse.6 Health professionals may also be less likely to readily identify male patients as victims of domestic violence.4
The importance of anonymity and confidentiality for male victims seeking help cannot be overstated. The fact that a large percentage of men using the ManKind Initiative helpline in the UK would not have called if the service wasn't anonymous underscores the significant stigma and fear associated with male victimization.3 This highlights the need for services that prioritize and ensure the privacy of male victims.
Informal support networks, such as friends, family, and online communities, also play a vital role for many male victims.21 However, these informal sources may not always be equipped to provide the specialized support needed in cases of domestic abuse, emphasizing the necessity for more accessible and destigmatized formal services.
The significant gap between the prevalence of male victimization and the limited availability of dedicated support services reveals a systemic failure to adequately meet the needs of male victims of domestic abuse. Even when men access general domestic violence services, they may encounter biases and a lack of understanding that can lead to negative experiences and discourage future help-seeking. The reliance on informal support networks highlights the urgent need for more accessible, destigmatized, and specialized formal services that men feel safe and comfortable utilizing.
6. Societal and Cultural Influences: Analyzing the Impact of Societal Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Cultural Factors on the Recognition, Perception, and Reporting of Domestic Abuse Against Men.
Societal attitudes, deeply ingrained gender stereotypes, and prevailing cultural factors exert a powerful influence on how domestic abuse against men is recognized, perceived, and reported globally.2 Traditional masculine ideologies, which often dictate that men should be strong, dominant, and never vulnerable, create a significant barrier for male victims.2 These stereotypes make it incredibly difficult for men to acknowledge their victimization, let alone report it to others.2 The societal pressure to conform to these ideals often leads to feelings of shame and embarrassment when men experience abuse.
Furthermore, domestic abuse against men is frequently minimized or trivialized within society and the media.4 Men's experiences of abuse may be perceived as less consequential compared to those of women, often stemming from the stereotype of men being physically stronger.18 Male victims may even be treated as a source of humor or ridicule, further reinforcing the stigma and discouraging them from seeking help.4
The pervasive perception of domestic abuse as a gendered crime primarily affecting women is a significant obstacle to recognizing male victimization.2 This dominant narrative can lead to a general lack of awareness and understanding that men can also be victims of abuse.22 Consequently, professionals in various fields, including law enforcement, healthcare, and social services, may not be adequately trained to recognize the signs of abuse in male victims or to respond appropriately to their needs.22
While specific data on cultural variations in the recognition and reporting of domestic abuse against men within the provided snippets is limited, it is reasonable to assume that cultural norms around masculinity, help-seeking behavior, and gender roles would influence how this issue is perceived and addressed in different societies.
The deeply ingrained societal expectations of masculinity create a cultural environment that actively discourages men from identifying as victims of domestic abuse and seeking help. The pressure to embody strength and stoicism clashes directly with the vulnerability inherent in being abused, making it emotionally and socially challenging for men to come forward. The prevailing tendency to view domestic abuse solely through a gendered lens, with men as perpetrators and women as victims, creates a significant blind spot that prevents society from recognizing the reality of male victimization. This narrow perspective hinders not only the identification of male victims but also the development of appropriate support systems and prevention strategies. The minimization and trivialization of domestic abuse against men in popular culture and media further exacerbate the stigma, sending a message that their experiences are not serious or worthy of attention, thereby reinforcing their reluctance to report.
7. Legal Protections and Frameworks: Reviewing the Existing Legal Frameworks and Protections for Male Victims of Domestic Abuse Globally, Assessing Their Effectiveness and Identifying Areas for Improvement.
Investigating legal frameworks for domestic abuse globally reveals that while many jurisdictions have laws in place to address domestic violence, their application and effectiveness for male victims can be inconsistent. Ideally, legal definitions of domestic abuse should be gender-neutral, recognizing that anyone can be a victim, regardless of their sex or gender identity. However, in practice, the focus and implementation of these laws may still be influenced by traditional gendered understandings of domestic violence.
The availability of restraining orders or protection orders is a crucial legal protection for victims of domestic abuse, including men.27 These orders can prohibit an abuser from contacting or coming near the victim, providing a vital layer of safety and security.27 Research indicates that male IPV victims may have a greater need for legal services and are more likely to seek orders of protection, highlighting the importance of these legal mechanisms for their safety.34
However, concerns exist regarding potential bias within the legal system that could disadvantage male victims.2 There is evidence suggesting that the legal system may sometimes fail to recognize women who use violence against controlling male partners as victims themselves, potentially due to gendered expectations of women as passive victims.4 Furthermore, male victims may fear that if they report abuse, they will be met with disbelief or even accused of false reporting by their female partners.6 Some reports indicate that law enforcement officers may exhibit bias against male victims, potentially due to societal stereotypes that make it difficult to believe men can be primary victims in domestic disputes.6
Specific laws or policies explicitly aimed at protecting male victims of domestic abuse are not prominently featured in the provided snippets, suggesting that this may be an area where further development is needed in many regions. Ensuring that legal frameworks are truly gender-neutral in their application and that professionals within the justice system receive adequate training to recognize and support male victims is essential. Addressing potential biases and ensuring that male victims feel safe and believed when seeking legal recourse are critical steps towards improving the effectiveness of legal protections for this population.
While legal frameworks for domestic abuse may exist in many countries, their consistent and equitable application to male victims is often hampered by prevailing societal biases and a lack of specific attention to their unique needs. The fear of counter-accusations and the potential for the legal system to misinterpret situations can deter male victims from seeking legal help, even when they desperately need protection. The fact that male IPV victims frequently seek legal services, including protective orders, underscores the critical importance of ensuring that the legal system is both responsive and fair in its treatment of male victims of domestic abuse.
8. Psychological and Emotional Impact on Male Victims: Exploring the Profound Psychological and Emotional Consequences of Domestic Abuse on Men's Mental Health and Well-Being, Including Potential Long-Term Effects.
The experience of domestic abuse has profound and often devastating psychological and emotional consequences for male victims, significantly impacting their mental health and overall well-being.2 Research consistently shows a high prevalence of mental health problems among male victims, including stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).2 Studies have found that men who have experienced IPV exhibit higher rates of post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation.21 A study conducted in Northern Ireland revealed that over 60% of male IPV victims interviewed reported suffering from mood disorders or other emotional conditions, and alarmingly, over 70% had considered suicide.26
Male victims often grapple with intense feelings of shame, guilt, helplessness, and hopelessness as a result of the abuse.2 The very topic of domestic violence can evoke extraordinary feelings of shame in victims.10 Societal expectations that men should be strong and in control can contribute to feelings of engendered helplessness and hopelessness when they find themselves in abusive situations.5
Beyond these direct psychological impacts, domestic abuse can also lead to social isolation, loneliness, and even job loss for male victims.21 The trauma of abuse can also have a lasting impact on their ability to form healthy future relationships.21
The increased risk of suicidal ideation and attempts among male victims of domestic abuse is particularly concerning.3 A significant percentage of male victims report having considered taking their own lives due to the abuse they have endured.3 The ManKind Initiative in the UK estimates that between three and five men every week die by suicide as a direct result of domestic abuse.3 These tragic statistics underscore the profound and potentially fatal consequences of domestic abuse on the mental health of male victims.
The experience of domestic abuse inflicts severe and far-reaching damage on the mental health of male victims, frequently leading to significant psychological distress and trauma. The high prevalence of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD highlights the profound emotional toll of this abuse, which can have long-lasting and debilitating effects on various aspects of a victim's life. The feelings of shame and guilt experienced by male victims, often amplified by societal expectations, can act as a major barrier to seeking help and support, further exacerbating their psychological distress. The alarming rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among male victims underscore the urgent need for accessible and tailored mental health support and interventions for this vulnerable population to prevent tragic outcomes.
9. Awareness and Prevention Initiatives: Examining Current Initiatives and Campaigns Aimed at Raising Awareness About Domestic Abuse Against Men and Preventing Its Occurrence on a Global Scale.
While the issue of domestic abuse against men has historically received less attention than abuse against women, there are growing initiatives and campaigns aimed at raising awareness and preventing its occurrence on a global scale.3 Organizations like the ManKind Initiative in the UK have been instrumental in this effort, running campaigns and operating a national helpline specifically for male victims of domestic abuse.3 Their work includes raising public awareness, providing support to victims, and advocating for policy changes. Another example from the UK is the "(un)reported" campaign launched by Higgs LLP, which used data to shed light on the often-overlooked issue of male victims of domestic violence.23
Education and awareness programs play a crucial role in challenging harmful gender stereotypes and increasing recognition of male victimization.2 By highlighting the fact that men can also be victims and addressing the societal pressures that prevent them from coming forward, these initiatives aim to minimize stigma and encourage help-seeking.6
While specific prevention strategies directly targeting the reduction of domestic abuse against men are not extensively detailed in the provided snippets, the importance of including men and boys in broader gender equality initiatives is increasingly recognized.36 Engaging men and boys in activities that promote gender equality and challenge harmful masculine norms can contribute to preventing gender-based violence in all its forms.36 By fostering a culture that values equality and respect, and by challenging the root causes of violence, these broader initiatives can indirectly contribute to the prevention of domestic abuse against men.
Although there are initiatives dedicated to raising awareness about domestic abuse against men, their visibility and funding often lag behind those focused on female victims, indicating a need for greater investment and effort in this area. Education and awareness programs that actively challenge traditional gender stereotypes and promote a more inclusive understanding of domestic abuse are vital for preventing male victimization. Furthermore, integrating the issue of domestic abuse against men into broader gender equality efforts can help address the underlying power dynamics and societal attitudes that contribute to all forms of gender-based violence.
10. Conclusion and Recommendations: Summarizing the Key Findings of the Report and Providing Evidence-Based Recommendations for Addressing the Issue of Domestic Abuse Against Men at Individual, Societal, and Policy Levels.
This analysis has highlighted the significant global issue of domestic abuse against men, revealing that it is a prevalent problem with devastating consequences for victims. Statistical data from various countries indicate that a substantial proportion of domestic abuse victims are male, although the true global prevalence is likely underestimated due to significant underreporting. Men experience various forms of abuse, with psychological abuse being the most common, often alongside physical, emotional, and financial abuse.
Societal attitudes and deeply ingrained gender stereotypes play a crucial role in the underreporting of this abuse. Traditional masculine norms, the fear of ridicule and disbelief, and the dominant narrative of domestic abuse as a gendered crime against women all contribute to a climate where male victims are reluctant to come forward. The availability of dedicated support services for male victims is limited compared to those for women, and male victims may face biases and a lack of understanding when seeking help. Legal frameworks, while often intended to be gender-neutral, may not always be effectively applied to protect male victims, who may fear counter-accusations and systemic bias. The psychological and emotional impact of domestic abuse on men is profound, leading to significant mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and a heightened risk of suicidal ideation and attempts. While there are growing awareness and prevention initiatives, more needs to be done to address this often-overlooked issue.
To effectively address domestic abuse against men, a multi-faceted approach is essential, requiring interventions at individual, societal, and policy levels. The following recommendations are proposed:
- Increase Public Awareness and Challenge Gender Stereotypes: Implement targeted public awareness campaigns that challenge traditional masculine norms and highlight the reality that men can be victims of domestic abuse. These campaigns should aim to reduce stigma and encourage male victims to seek help.
- Improve Data Collection: Enhance global data collection efforts to accurately measure the prevalence of domestic abuse against men. This includes developing standardized definitions of abuse and implementing inclusive survey methodologies that encourage reporting from male victims.
- Expand Support Services: Significantly increase the availability and accessibility of dedicated support services for male victims, including shelters, helplines, counseling services, and peer support groups. Ensure that these services are adequately funded and staffed with professionals trained to understand and respond to the specific needs of male victims.
- Ensure Gender-Neutral Legal Frameworks and Training: Review and ensure that legal frameworks for domestic abuse are gender-neutral in both their language and application. Provide comprehensive training to law enforcement, judges, and other legal professionals on recognizing and effectively supporting male victims of domestic abuse.
- Promote Further Research: Invest in further research to better understand the causes, consequences, and effective interventions for domestic abuse against men. This research should explore the experiences of diverse populations of male victims and identify best practices for support and prevention.
- Engage Men and Boys in Prevention Efforts: Actively involve men and boys in broader gender equality initiatives and violence prevention programs. Promote healthy masculinities that challenge harmful stereotypes and encourage respectful relationships.
- Foster Collaboration: Strengthen collaboration between researchers, service providers, policymakers, and community organizations to develop coordinated and comprehensive strategies for preventing and responding to domestic abuse against men on a global scale.
Addressing the stigma surrounding male victimization is paramount to encouraging reporting and facilitating access to support. Creating a safe and supportive environment where men feel empowered to come forward without fear of judgment or ridicule is crucial. Increased collaboration and a concerted effort from all stakeholders are necessary to ensure that male victims of domestic abuse receive the recognition, support, and protection they deserve.
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12. Report Compiler: Google Gemini
Illustrative Image: Created by ChatGPT